Gay Right and Gay Marriage Essay

The Gays Rights Movement has existed for over 89 years in counting since the development of the Society for Human Rights in Chicago. During the early years of the Gay Rights movement (1924-1973) it was very difficult to identify as a member of the same sex loving community because during this time it was illegal in the United States. Society didn’t accept the concept due to it being against traditional customs and norms. â€Å"The period since the late 1960s has been a time of gay liberation, more accurately, the movement of gay men and lesbian woman to overcame discrimination and gain rights in society.† (Collins & Coltrane, 2001) During the early years the LBGT community was a private and out of sight lifestyle. The history of the movement reports homosexuality was previously identified as a mental disorder of American Psychiatric Association until 1973 when it was removed. (â€Å"The American gay,† 2000-2013) According to World of Sociology (2001), â€Å"Conf lict theory emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order.† (pg.118) (â€Å"Conflict theory,† 2001) â€Å"This perspective is derived from the works of Karl Marx, who saw society as fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources. Social order is maintained by domination, with power in the hands of those with the greatest political, economic, and social resources. When consensus exists, it is attributable to people being united around common interests, often in opposition to other groups. According to conflict theory, inequality exists because those in control of a disproportionate share of society’s resources actively defend their advantages. The masses are not bound to society by their shared values, but by coercion at the hands of those in power.† (Crossman, A., 2013) â€Å"There is also an expansion Marx’s idea that the key conflict in society was strictly economic. Today, conflict theorists find soci al conflict between any groups in which the potential for inequality  exists: racial, gender, religious, political, economic, and so on. Conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against one another. The conflict theory ultimately attributes humanitarian efforts, altruism, democracy, civil rights, and other positive aspects of society to capitalistic designs to control the masses, not to inherent interests in preserving society and social order. This perspective emphasizes social control, not consensus and conformity. Groups and individuals advance their own interests, struggling over control of societal resources.† (Crossman, A., 2013) After 1973 it appears that homosexuality became identified as LGBT. Nationwide legal system and religions organization felt the need to challenges and felt these acts was a constitutional violation. Sometime around the 1974, gays and lesbians were becoming present in â€Å"positions of power† like Harvey Milk who was City Commissioner of San Francisco. They were also seeking and granted domestic-partnership benefits by 1984 in California. These obstacles for the LGBT community were met with rejections and oppressions by American governments and its supporters. In 1993, many men and women were discharged from the armed forces due to â€Å"Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.† By 1996 the issue of homosexuality and lesbianism had reached the Supreme Court with some achieveme nts but mostly â€Å"knock downs†. ABA Journal published an article â€Å"The Stonewall legacy: ABA Commission creates an award commemorating a key moment for LBGT rights â€Å"on February 2013. The article explains how in the late hours of June 27, 1969 in Greenwich Village, New York at the Stonewall Inn a number of patrons fought law enforcement after numerous experiences with polices raids and other forms of harassments by authority. The articles explained how the Stonewall Inn was a â€Å"well-known† gathering spot for gays in the low-profile area of New York. The patrons throw beer cans, bricks and other objects at arresting officers as they interrupted their only opportunity to socialize with other gay individuals. After experiencing countless riots, arrest and beating the patrons developed a protest known as the Stonewall Riots (movement). The individuals involved in the riot were not only gay males but lesbian (same loving females), bisexual (both sex loving) and transgender (opposite sex identifying) individuals. After about one years of the establishment of the movement gay prides were started in Chicago, Los Angles, New York and San Francisco. The progress in the  movement encouraged the LBGT (lesbian, bi, gay and transgender) individuals to begin to assert their civil rights. James J.S. Holmes, chair of the Commission of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identify/ABA reports, â€Å"The riots were a very visible and public display where the LGBT community finally made it clear it wasn’t going to accept any more repression and poor treatment.† (Filisko, 2013) As the gay bar was for many whites a refuge from homophobia, so family and church were refuges from racism for lesbians and gays of color, including racism in the white lesbian and gay community. Rather than â€Å"smashing the church† and turning their back on family, lesbians and gays of color needed to find ways to negotiate or confront homophobia in those places while at the same time negotiating racism within the gay community.† Many couples like Jack Baker and Michael McConnell or Phyllis Marshall and Grace Thornton fought so hard to fight the â€Å"coercion and power† and â€Å"the hands of those with the greatest political, economic, and social resources† specifically the church and other opposing LGBT groups who felt that their movement was either too soon or out of mainstream (outside of box). (Chenier, 2013) The current issues being address now by society and LGBT individuals seeking matrimony rights. (â€Å"The American gay,† 2000-2013) Most recently on June 26, 2013 the Supreme Court ruled that the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is unconstitutional. In a 5 to 4 vote, the court rules that DOMA violates the rights of gays and lesbians. The court also rules that the law interferes with the states’ rights to define marriage. It is the first case ever on the issue of gay marriage for the Supreme Court. (Johnson, 2013) Johnson reports that â€Å"the DOMA decision was a huge psychological and legal boost for the gay and lesbian community, but it left same-sex couples in 37 states wit h half a loaf†¦only thirteen states and the District of Columbia allow such marriage.† (Johnson, 2013) In 2000, Vermont becomes the first state in the country to legally recognize civil unions between gay or lesbian couples. It was stated that â€Å"couples would be entitled to the same benefits, privileges, and responsibilities as spouses.† The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide published an essay by author Elise Chenier that reported, â€Å"for the past ten years, same-sex marriage has dominated the American political landscape, but this is not the first time in history this issue has made front-page news. In 1971, The San Francisco Chronicle declared that a â€Å"gay marriage boom† was under way. In the first  few years of that decade, The New York Times, Life magazine, Jet, and other periodicals ran feature articles about a handful of couples who launched America’s first battles for legal recognition of same-sex marriage.† Chenier states â₠¬ ¦liberationists’ critique of marriage and family did not make sense for people of color, who relied on family and church for their everyday survival, even as they battled homophobia within them. Gay marriage is a topic that I have had to experience in my personal life when my two childhood friends of twenty years decided to have a marriage ceremony/party in Washington, DC. This party was held about three year ago and they have been dating for two years. After college both of my friends attended Morris Brown College in Georgia. They sent out invites and made announcements for the gathering of friends and love one. My family and I were not aware that they were a same sex couple let alone seeking marriage equality. When we all arrived in Georgia we thought it was a celebration party because they both are successful defense attorneys in Georgia. I was very surprise to see an altar, ceremony minister, flowers and a detailed tuxedo for me. They pulled me and my wife to the side and asked if I was willing to participate in their special day. We were really good friends in high school so against my strict Christian upbringing I participated in the ceremony. Unfortunately, before the grooms could exchange vows and commit themselves to one another the media busted into the location and started taking pictures and causing issues. I felt this was a private and interment ceremony for my friends and it would not end well. A crowd of protestors and media gathered outside. Law enforcement was contacted and some protestors and ceremony members including one of my friends were arrested. My couple plans to get married in the 2014 after ruling of unconstitutional of DOMA and I plan to be front and center. I was enraged at the disrespect these two successful guys had experience at the hands of inequality. After speaking with my friends about the aftermath, experiencing the inequality first-hand and completing this assignment. It is definitely obvious that the progress the Gay Rights Advocates has made toward demanding equal and I feel obligated to promote equality for all people. Reference Chenier, E. (2013). Gay marriage, 1970s style. The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide, 20(2), 19+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA321900004&v=2.1&u=lom_kentdl&it=r&p=GRGM&sw=w Cohen, L. (2013). The federal role in the family. Commentary, 136(2), 7+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA341125184&v=2.1&u=lom_kentdl&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w&asid=30b2787a87635f60db13fe9df042a70a Coltrane, S., & Collins, R. (2001). Sociology of marriage & the family, gender, love, and property. (5th ed). Canada: Wadsworth Pub Co. Crossman, A. (2013). Conflict Theory: Overview. About.com online. Retrieved from http://sociology.about.com/od/Sociological-Theory/a/Conflict-Theory.htm. Filisko, G. M. (2013, February). The Stonewall legacy: ABA Commission creates an award commemorating a key moment for LGBT rights. ABA Journal, 99(2), 57+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA318106223&v=2.1&u=lom_kentdl&it=r&p=GRGM&sw=w Johnson, F. (2013). DOMA Didn’t Go Away–It Just Went Local. National Journal. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA344159967&v=2.1&u=lom_kentdl&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w&asid=7d18e04c20680c7230095f8f3e1baab5 Palmisano, J. (Eds.). (2001). World of sociology, (vol. 2). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. The American Gay Rights Movement: A Timeline. (n.d.). Infoplease.com online. Retrieved from http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0761909.html.

jaws essays

jaws essays Name of film: Jaws The film Jaws directed by Steven Spielberg is an example of a film done in the Classical Narrative structure. This is so because it has the three basic elements of the classical structure: setup, confrontation, and resolution. The film jaws is about a Chief Brody, who moves to Amity Island, a summer beach town, from New York. During his first summer, Brody is faced with shark attacks. His first reaction is to close the beaches, but the Mayor will not let him do that. The chief, along with marine biologist Hooper, and shark hunter Quint, go out onto the water and hunt the shark. The setup in this film occurs at the beginning, when the first victim of the shark is taken. A girl is swimming in the ocean, and is attacked by the shark. This is Brodys first encounter with a shark, and leaves him with the question of what to do? The confrontation is between the three men, Brody, Hooper, and Quint, and the shark. All three men have their own reason to get the shark, brody wants safe beaches, Hooper wants to study it, and Quint wants money. The three men go out on Quints boat, and hunt the shark. The rising action is when they plug the shark with barrels. The climax occurs when the shark makes its final attack on the boat, and leaps onto the back of the boat. The resolution comes when Chief Brody climbs to the mast of the Orca, after he shoves an oxygen tank into the sharks mouth. On top of the mast he shoots the tank and blows the shark up. The Protagonist of the film is Chief Brody, because he wants to protect the people of Amity Island. One interesting editing sequence found in the film was when the beach was cleared out for a false shark sighting on the fourth of July. I liked when the scene cut from the people screaming, and running out of the water, to the shot where the camera w ...

Critical NIMS Critical Response

Critical NIMS Critical Response The National Incident Management System (NIMS) is a federal approach to the management of disaster incidents. This system provides a template for disaster management regardless of scale, location, or complexity in the US. The main purpose of NIMS is to ensure that there is a clear approach to the management of disasters and other incidents.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Critical NIMS Critical Response specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The NIMS guidelines encourage multi-agency cooperation in disaster management. The goal of this paper is to explore the application of NIMS guidelines in the management of the disaster emanating from the 2007 collapse of the I-35W Bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Overview of NIMS It is essential to start the discussion on the application of NIMS guidelines by looking at the essential features of NIMS. The four essential elements of NIMS are as follows. First, it is a federal level ap proach to disaster preparedness. NIMS looks at incident management from a universal perspective. It encourages all disaster preparedness and management stakeholders to prepare for incidents as part of a system, rather than in a localized manner. It is not a template for adoption by individual agencies. Rather, the principles enshrouded by NIMS encourage big-picture thinking in incident preparedness from a communal perspective. Secondly, it deals with incidents at various levels. NIMS does not just concentrate on large-scale disasters such as Katrina or the 9/11 bombing. Rather NIMS seeks to create the environment for dealing with incidents that require multi-agency participation. In this sense, managing a domestic fire in a municipality is just as important for NIMS as managing the effects of a hurricane. Thirdly, NIMS guidelines deal with management issues. Disaster management is very critical. The availability of finances, equipment, and community support is not sufficient when ru nning rescue operations after a disaster. The emergency response teams must work in a very clearly articulated manner to leverage on their relative strengths. After the Haitian earthquake, the overwhelming outpouring of sympathy from the international community was not a substitute for proper management of disaster relief operations. The people of Haiti did not enjoy the full benefits of the goodwill of the international community because of disaster management bottlenecks.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, NIMS is a system. It defines relationships between state and private actors. It also addresses resource management issues. The disaster response initiative of any country or state depends on the ability of these parties to use their resources in the most efficient manner. In this sense, NIMS is a system composed of various actors and the resources they c ontrol. Summary of Events The focus of this paper is the effect of NIMS guidelines in the management of the 2007 disaster in Minneapolis. The main events that took place on that fateful day were as follows. First, the I-35W Bridge collapsed over the Mississippi river in the evening of August 1, 2007. The Bridge was forty years old, and was due for decommissioning in 2020. The bridge collapsed during the rush hour. At the time of the collapse, there were about 120 vehicles carrying 160 people on the bridge. The immediate disaster priorities were as follows. First, there was need to rescue people who were trapped in their vehicles. As the bridge collapsed, some car doors became jammed thereby trapping the occupants. Secondly, some people fell into the water necessitating aquatic rescue operations. The third disaster priority was fighting fire . Some cars burst into flames during the collapse. The fourth disaster priority was conducting triage on injured people to determine their medic al needs. These competing and concurrent priories demanded the attention of rescue workers. In addition, the situation was complicated by the jurisdictional complexities of the disaster site. The federal government owned the bridge while the state of Minnesota operated it. The river was under jurisdiction of the Hennepin County Sheriff Office and the river banks were under city of Minneapolis. Application of NIMS The first issue regarding the application of NIMS principles in the disaster management operations was the setting up of a single command center. The Office of Emergency Preparedness (OEP) housed at the basement of the city hall soon became the primary coordination center for disaster response. NIMS advocates for the establishment of a single command center whenever there is a large-scale disaster. The second important aspect of the response in relation to NIMS was that each response unit opened an Emergency Operating Center (OEC) immediately after the disaster. Most of the se centers started operations within twenty minutes of the incident.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Critical NIMS Critical Response specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Minneapolis OEC provided leadership for the other OECs. It managed the Multiagency Coordinating (MAC) group. The role of the lead OEC was to coordinate response activities and to ensure that all OECs had a common understanding of the evolving situation. There was good participation of both state and non-state actors in the disaster response. This is another important aspect of NIMS guidelines. During an emergency, there is usually need to coordinate emergency response services to ensure the resources made available to the rescue and recovery operations are channeled to areas of need. These resources are best utilized when there is central coordination of disaster operations. Most of the OEC leaders knew each other well because that had already work ed resolved smaller disasters together. The importance of developing working relationships before the occurrence of a major disaster is that there is need to ensure that interpersonal issues do not hamper disaster relief operations. Since the OEC leaders knew each other based on common training programs and working on smaller disasters together, the operations of the OEC took off very smoothly. Deviation from NIMS While the overall verdict given to the level of disaster preparedness in Minneapolis was very good, there were some significant shortcomings in the management of the disaster based on NIMS guidelines during this incident. The first issue of concern is that OEC room was too small to house all the teams that had the statutory rights under NIMS to be present. This made it difficult for some of the stakeholders to participate in the critical components of the disaster operations within the operational framework of NIMS. NIMS guidelines require all the disaster response teams t o be represented in the OEC. The second major shortcoming based on NIMS guidelines is that there were no safety officers to ensure that all the activities of the response teams were safe. One area with serious safety concerns was the OEC room, because of its size. A safety officer would have raised the issue in order to find alternative ways of dealing with the situation.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The disaster site also did not have a safety officer. This exposed responders to safety risks especially when the responders failed to observe safety guidelines during the rescue operations. A safety officer on site would have enforces safety guidelines for responders. A lapse in the management of information during the disaster arose because of the absence of the Public Information Officer (PIO). Initial delays in reaching the PIO) threatened to hamper adherence to NIMS guidelines regarding the establishment of a Joint Information Center (JIC). However, after the PIO arrived on the scene, the management of the press took place very effectively. Press management is a critical component of disaster management. The OEC manager directed that press briefing be held at predetermined times throughout the day. This helped to manage the large volume of requests for press briefings. One of the serious shortcomings in the communication processes was that the Minneapolis Department of Public W orks (DPW) did not have the 800 HZ radios, which all the other disaster response parties used. The DPW also operated from a separate location hampering their ability to see the big picture at all times. This situation arose because the DPW was not included in the initial distribution of the communication equipment. However, the DPW provided support to the other responders in a commendable manner. Its inclusion in the disaster preparedness systems of the city of Minneapolis will add to the capacity of the city to respond to disasters. There were incidents of freelancing by some responders. Freelancing refers to the impulse to respond to an incident by a responder without clear orders. This is against NIMS rules. In the disaster situation under review, many of the responders waited for orders. The city should work towards achieving full compliance to this rule. DHS. National Incident Management System. Washington DC: US Department of Homeland Security, 2008. Print. Stambaugh, Hollis and Harold Cohen. I-35W Bridge Collapse and Response. Washington DC: FEMA, 2007. Print.

How to Use Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

How to Use Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a written document that provides product users and emergency personnel with information and procedures needed for handling and working with chemicals. MSDSs have been around, in one form or another, since the time of the ancient Egyptians. Although MSDS formats vary somewhat between countries and authors (an international MSDS format is documented in ANSI Standard Z400.1-1993), they generally outline the physical and chemical properties of the product, describe potential hazards associated with the substance (health, storage cautions, flammability, radioactivity, reactivity, etc.), prescribe emergency actions, and often include manufacturer identification, address, MSDS date, and emergency phone numbers. Key Takeaways: Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) A Material Safety Data Sheet or is a summary of the key properties of a substance and the hazards associated with its use.Material Safety Data sheets are not standardized, so its important to consult one provided by a respected source.Two chemicals that have the same name may have very different MSDS sheets because the particle size of the product and its purity may significantly affect its properties.MSDS sheets should be kept in an easy-to-find location and made accessible to all persons dealing with chemicals. Why Should I Care About a MSDS? Although MSDSs are targeted at workplaces and emergency personnel, any consumer can benefit from having important product information available. An MSDS provides information about proper storage of a substance, first aid, spill response, safe disposal, toxicity, flammability, and additional useful material. MSDSs are not limited to reagents used for chemistry, but are provided for most substances, including common household products such as cleaners, gasoline, pesticides, certain foods, drugs, and office and school supplies. Familiarity with MSDSs allows for precautions to be taken for potentially dangerous products; seemingly safe products may be found to contain unforeseen hazards. Where Do I Find Material Safety Data Sheets? In many countries, employers are required to maintain MSDSs for their workers, so a good place to locate MSDSs is on the job. Also, some products intended for consumer use are sold with MSDSs enclosed. College and university chemistry departments will maintain MSDSs on many chemicals. However, if you are reading this article online then you have easy access to thousands of MSDSs via the internet. There are links to MSDS databases from this site. Many companies have MSDSs for their products available online via their websites. Since the point of an MSDS is to make hazard information available to consumers and since copyrights dont tend to apply to restrict distribution, MSDS are widely available. Certain MSDSs, such as those for drugs, may be more difficult to obtain, but are still available upon request. To locate an MSDS for a product you will need to know its name. Alternate names for chemicals are often provided on the MSDS, but there is no standardized naming of substances. The  chemical name  or  specific name  is used most often to find MSDSs for health effects and protective measures.  IUPAC  (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) conventions are used more often than  common names.  Synonyms  are often listed on MSDSs.The  molecular formula  may be used to locate a chemical of known composition.You can usually search  for substance using  its  CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service)  registry number.  Different chemicals  may have the same name, but each will have its own CAS number.Sometimes the easiest way to locate a product is to search by  manufacturer.Products may be found using their  US Defense Department NSN. A National Supply Number is a four-digit FSC class code number plus a nine-digit National Item Identification Number or NIIN.A  trade name  or  product name  is the brand, commercial, or marketing name the manufacturer gives the product. It does not specify what chemicals are in the pr oduct or whether the product is a mixture of chemicals or a single chemical. A  generic name  or  chemical family name  describes a group of chemicals with related physical and chemical properties. Sometimes an MSDS will list only the generic name of a product, although in most countries laws require that chemical names also be listed. How Do I Use a MSDS? An MSDS might appear to be intimidating and technical, but the information is not intended to be difficult to understand. You might simply scan an MSDS to see if any warnings or hazards are delineated. If the content is difficult to understand there are online MSDS glossaries to help define any unfamiliar words and often contact information for further explanations. Ideally you would read an MSDS before obtaining a product so that you could prepare proper storage and handling. More often, MSDSs are read after a product is purchased. In this case, you can scan the MSDS for any safety precautions, health effects, storage cautions, or disposal instructions. MSDSs often list symptoms that might indicate exposure to the product. An MSDS is an excellent resource to consult when a product has been spilled or a person has been exposed to the product (ingested, inhaled, spilled on skin). The instructions on an MSDS do not replace those of a health care professional, but can be helpful emergen cy situations. When consulting an MSDS, keep in mind that few substances are pure forms of molecules, so the content of an MSDS will depend on the manufacturer. In other words, two MSDSs for the same chemical may contain different information, depending on the impurities of the substance or the method used in its preparation. Important Information Material Safety Data Sheets are not created equal. Theoretically, MSDSs can be written by pretty much anyone (although there is some liability involved), so the information is only as accurate as the authors references and understanding of the data. According to a 1997 study by OSHA one expert panel review established that only 11% of the MSDSs were found to be accurate in all of the following four areas: health effects, first aid, personal protective equipment, and exposure limits. Further, the  health effects  data on the MSDSs frequently are incomplete and the chronic data are often incorrect or less complete than the acute data. This doesnt mean that MSDSs are useless, but it does indicate that information needs to be used with caution and that MSDSs should be obtained from trustworthy and reliable sources. The bottom line: Respect the chemicals you use. Know their hazards and plan your response to an emergency before it happens!

Between the Law and Your School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Between the Law and Your School - Essay Example This can be explained using four illustrations. First is the issue of the Supremacy Clause, which makes it clear that all laws passed by the Congress succeed the constitution or state law. Most specifically, Article IV of the second clause provides that the Constitution and the U.S laws are the supreme laws of the country, with all the judges in every State being under them. Secondly, Federalism provides that the U.S government is a national entity on its own, rather than a federation of States, and thus states will always be sovereign entities in the Nation’s system. Federal law also supersedes State laws to meet the terms of preemption. Courts are expected to identify the extent and substance of federal preemption and protect State laws as extensive as possible. In case of any conflict between the two bodies, courts entail preemption of State laws in absence of express preemption. When State and Federal laws contradict, there emerges a state of conflict preemption. During su ch an occurrence, the federal law often preempts the State law so long as it is a constitutional application of federal authority. The legal system has evolved over the last twenty years, thus affecting the state of the legal framework. A few illustrations can be used to explain this move, and in this context, the evolutions in education law and rules some thirty years ago and the noticeable effects they have had on public schools in the U.S. In 1954, the Court’s Brown versus The Board of Education banned segregated schools (Stevens, 2001). Some few years later, in Community Schools versus Seattle School District, there was a rule by the Supreme court that public school districts ensure they had a given percentage of learners of ethnic minorities over the white learners, thus reversing the anticipated effects of Brown v Board. This marks a huge evolution in the regulations affecting public schools. Apart from the two laws, there was the law of â€Å"No Child Left Behind† formulated by the Congress and the President. It laid a foundation for specific funding and testing guidelines and totally changed the way in which public schools in America offered education (Alexander & Alexander, 2011). Having addressed the issue of legal framework and its effects on public schools, it is important to address how it differs between private and public schools. In terms of funding, public schools are financed by the federal, State, or local government. On the other hand, private schools are funded by private sources, meaning that they are not subject to the rules and regulations laid down by the State on finance issues. The requirements in admissions also differ in that, while public schools must admit and educate every child, private schools decide on whom to admit and in which way. All public schools are guided by the same basic set of federal and local education regulations. The laws generally address the topics of school curriculum, educational program conte nt, funding, and budgets. Given the reason that taxpayers are responsible for the costs incurred by public schools, there is no tuition included in attending. In comparison, private schools follow the government regulations but they are more flexible especially in financial issues. This is based on the fact that they do not finance their operations using tax payers’ money, thus not much limited on the way they use their resources (Stevens, 2001). Not only does the State provide legal frameworks to govern public schools,

Land Law and Professional Advice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Land Law and Professional Advice - Essay Example However, it can be seen that there is some contribution from her in the land as she helped to â€Å"prop up the business and the farm†. In Jones v Kernott2, the male spouse left the house and stopped paying the bills and the mortgage. In his absence, his wife bore all the expenses. It was held that the wife had an equitable interest in the house and on the basis of equity; the share was 90:19 between the two. But in Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset3, upon sale by the husband who was the sole owner, the wife’s claim to a beneficial ownership was rejected despite her having made contributions in the improvement of the land. Therefore, Andrea’s contribution in the improvements to the land would be regarded as de minimis. From Fred’s letter to his wife, it can be construed that he did not want to authorize Andrea to make negotiations regarding the sale of the farm. Since Fred never really put Andrea’s name in the deeds and now the Land law emphasises on the nee d of putting such agreements into writing, Andrea could not have passed the title to Rachel Buchanan. From another point of view, since Andrea borrowed a â€Å"vast† sum of money from her father, it can be construed that she had made a big investment in the farm and her contribution might not be regarded as de minimis. From the judgement of Stack v Dowden4, it might be construed that Andrea had developed a constructive trust in the farm. This would enable her to transfer her equitable interest to Rachel Buchanan in the farm as seen in Chinn v Collins5. Therefore, Rachel now holds an equitable interest in the farm transferred to her from Andrea. Fred still has his interest and rights regarding the farm. Rachel mentions in her letter that there was an extremely valuable Georgian sun-dial in the garden. Andrea has taken the sun-dial and left the plinth. Rachel wants the sun-dial back. The contract was between Rachel and Andrea. At that time, Rachel had not seen the estate. Hence , she did not know that there was a sun-dial on the estate and it was not essential to her prospective business either. In Berkley v Poulett6, the seller had removed some pictures and a sun-dial. The buyer sought recovery of those items. It was held that the sun-dial was not a fixture and was affixed for mere enjoyment. The seller was entitled to remove it at any time as he pleased. Similarly, Andrea is entitled to have the sun-dial in her possession as it did not form a part of the contract and Rachel had no knowledge of its existence at the time of the contract. Rachel can have the plinth and it might be regarded as a fixture since it might do some damage to the land upon its removal. From Matthew Williams’ letter to Fred, it can be easily construed that Fred had completed the contract of transfer of the extension to the Hopgood farms to Matthew. The legal requirements are fulfilled and everything has been put into writing. Mathew is now entitled to obtain possession of the land and Fred is holding the land for him. However, a letter from Beryl Stanforth, the owner of Grange Farm, to Fred suggests that she has an equitable interest in the land and her permission is required to lease the land. Mathew has written in his letter that when he went to the estate, he had an encounter with Beryl. This means that he could have made

Financial Analysis of two companies- Iggle and Piggle Essay - 1

Financial Analysis of two companies- Iggle and Piggle - Essay Example The cash inflows are the amount of money that is coming into the business and cash outflows means the amount of money that is spent on the initiation of the business. This fund management is an essential part of the business and should be followed well. In the corporate world, the main aim on which the management focuses in terms of managing its finances is by achieving various goals that are set for a particular period. There are particular financial processes which should be followed by a firm to fulfill its profit-making objectives. Here we will analyze and evaluate the business performance of the two companies- Iggle plc and Piggle plc, with the help of different techniques and tools of financial management. (Economy watch, n.d). The company Iggle plc had a return on capital employed of 35% with the return on equity of 20% which is determined by the ratio of net income to the total equity of the company. The net profit margin of the company that is, the profit after interest but before payment of tax is said to be 15%. For the company, the average settlement period of debtors and the average settlement period of creditors are 78 days and 85 days respectively. The stock holding period of the company is 88 days with a gross profit margin of 44%. The company had 15 times of fixed asset turnover and a capital gearing ratio of 65%. The current ratio of the company, which is the ratio between current assets and current liabilities, is 8:1 and the acid test ratio or the quick ratio is 6:1. The company had a price earning (PE) ratio which is determined by the market price of shares per earnings per share of 6 and it shows the valuation of the company. The company Piggle plc had a return on capital employed of 20% with the return on equity of 10% which is determined by the ratio of net income to the total equity of the company.